LONGINQUA
ENCYCLICAL
OF POPE LEO XIII ON
CATHOLICISM IN THE
UNITED STATES
To
the Archbishops and Bishops of the United States.
We traverse
in spirit and thought the wide expanse of ocean; and although We have
at other times addressed you in writing-chiefly when We directed Encyclical
Letters to the bishops of the Catholic world-yet have We now resolved
to speak to you separately, trusting that We shall be, God willing, of
some assistance to the Catholic cause amongst you. To this We apply Ourselves
with the utmost zeal and care; because We highly esteem and love exceedingly
the young and vigorous American nation, in which We plainly discern latent
forces for the advancement alike of civilization and of Christianity.
2. Not
long ago, when your whole nation, as was fitting, celebrated, with grateful
recollection and every manifestation of joy, the completion of the fourth
century since the discovery of America, We, too, commemorated together
with you that most auspicious event, sharing in your rejoicings with equal
good-will. Nor were We on that occasion content with offering prayers
at a distance for your welfare and greatness. It was Our wish to be in
some manner present with you in your festivities. Hence We cheerfully
sent one who should represent Our person. Not without good
reason did We take part in your celebration. For when America was, as
yet, but a new-born babe, uttering in its cradle its first feeble cries,
the Church took it to her bosom and motherly embrace. Columbus, as We
have elsewhere expressly shown, sought, as the primary fruit of his voyages
and labors, to open a pathway for the Christian faith into new lands and
new seas. Keeping this thought constantly in view, his first solicitude,
wherever he disembarked, was to plant upon the shore the sacred emblem
of the cross. Wherefore, like as the Ark of Noe, surmounting the overflowing
waters, bore the seed of Israel together with the remnants of the human
race, even thus did the barks launched by Columbus upon the ocean carry
into regions beyond the seas as well the germs of mighty States as the
principles of the Catholic religion.
3. This
is not the place to give a detailed account of what thereupon ensued.
Very rapidly did the light of the Gospel shine upon the savage tribes
discovered by the Ligurian. For it is sufficiently well known how many
of the children of Francis, as well as of Dominic and of Loyola, were
accustomed during the two following centuries to voyage thither for this
purpose; how they cared for the colonies brought over from Europe; but
primarily and chiefly how they converted the natives
from superstition to Christianity, sealing their labors in many instances
with the testimony of their blood. The names newly given to so many of
your towns and rivers and mountains and lakes teach and clearly witness
how deeply your beginnings were marked with the footprints of the Catholic
Church.
4. Nor,
perchance did the fact which We now recall take place without some design
of divine Providence. Precisely at the epoch when the American colonies,
having, with Catholic aid, achieved liberty and independence, coalesced
into a constitutional Republic the ecclesiastical hierarchy was happily
established amongst you; and at the very time when the popular suffrage
placed the great Washington at the helm of the Republic, the first bishop
was set by apostolic authority over the American Church. The well-known
friendship and familiar intercourse which subsisted between these two
men seems to be an evidence that the United States ought to be conjoined
in concord and amity with the Catholic Church. And not without cause;
for without morality the State cannot endure-a truth which that illustrious
citizen of yours, whom We have just mentioned, with a keenness of insight
worthy of his genius and statesmanship perceived and proclaimed. But the
best and strongest support of morality is religion. She, by her very nature,
guards and defends all the principles on which duties are founded, and
setting before us the motives most powerful to influence us, commands
us to live virtuously and forbids us to transgress. Now what is the Church
other than a legitimate society, founded by the will and ordinance of
Jesus Christ for the preservation of morality and the defence of religion?
For this reason have We repeatedly endeavored, from the summit of the
pontifical dignity, to inculcate that the Church, whilst directly and
immediately aiming at the salvation of souls and the beatitude which is
to be attained in heaven, is yet, even in the order of temporal things,
the fountain of blessings so numerous and great that they could not have
been greater or more numerous had the original purpose of her institution
been the pursuit of happiness during the life which is spent on earth.
5. That
your Republic is .progressing and developing by giant strides is patent
to all; and this holds good in religious matters also. For even as your
cities, in the course of one century, have made a marvellous increase
in wealth and power, so
do we behold the Church, from scant and slender beginnings, grown with
rapidity to be great and exceedingly flourishing. Now if, on the one hand,
the increased riches and resources of your cities are justly attributed
to the talents and active industry of the American people, on the other
hand, the prosperous condition of Catholicity must be ascribed, first
indeed, to the virtue, the ability, and the prudence of the bishops and
clergy; but in so slight measure also, to the faith and generosity of
the Catholic laity. Thus, while the different classes exerted their best
energies, you were enabled to erect unnumbered religious and useful institutions,
sacred edifices, schools for the instruction of youth, colleges for the
higher branches, homes for the poor, hospitals for the sick, and convents
and monasteries. As for what more closely touches spiritual interests,
which are based upon the exercise of Christian virtues, many facts have
been brought to Our notice, whereby We are animated with hope and filled
with joy, namely, that the numbers of the secular and regular clergy are
steadily augmenting, that pious sodalities and confraternities are held
in esteem, that the Catholic parochial schools, the Sunday-schools for
imparting Christian doctrine, and summer schools are in a flourishing
condition; moreover, associations for mutual aid, for the relief of the
indigent, for the promotion of temperate living, add to all this the many
evidences of popular piety.
6. The
main factor, no doubt, in bringing things into this happy state were the
ordinances and decrees of your synods, especially of those which in more
recent times were convened and confirmed by the authority of the Apostolic
See. But, moreover (a fact which it gives pleasure to acknowledge), thanks
are due to the equity of the laws which obtain in America and to the customs
of the well-ordered Republic. For the Church amongst you, unopposed by
the Constitution and government of your nation, fettered by no hostile
legislation, protected against violence by the common laws and the impartiality
of the tribunals, is free to live and act without hindrance. Yet, though
all this is true, it would be very erroneous to draw the conclusion that
in America is to be sought the type of the most desirable status of the
Church, or that it would be universally lawful or expedient for State
and Church to be, as in America, dissevered and divorced.
The fact that Catholicity with you is in good condition, nay, is even
enjoying a prosperous growth, is by all means to be attributed to the
fecundity with which God has endowed His Church, in virtue of which unless
men or circumstances interfere, she spontaneously expands and propagates
herself; but she would bring forth more abundant fruits if, in addition
to liberty, she enjoyed the favor of the laws and the patronage of the
public authority.
7. For
Our part We have left nothing undone, as far as circumstances permitted,
to preserve and more solidly establish amongst you the Catholic religion.
With this intent, We have, as you are well aware, turned Our attention
to two special objects: first, the advancement of learning; second, a
perfecting of methods in the management of Church affairs. There already,
indeed, existed several distinguished universities. We, however, thought
it advisable that there should be one founded by authority of the Apostolic
See and endowed by Us with all suitable powers, in which Catholic professors
might instruct those devoted to the pursuit of learning. The design was
to begin with philosophy and theology, adding, as means and circumstances
would allow, the remaining branches, those particularly which the present
age has introduced or perfected. An education cannot be deemed complete
which takes no notice of modern sciences. It is obvious that in the existing
keen competition of talents, and the widespread and, in itself, noble
and praiseworthy passion for knowledge, Catholics ought to be not followers
but leaders. It is necessary, therefore, that they should cultivate every
refinement of learning, and zealously train their minds to the discovery
of truth and the investigation, so far as it is possible, of the entire
domain of nature. This in every age has been the desire of the Church;
upon the enlargement of the boundaries of the sciences has she been wont
to bestow all possible labor and energy. By a letter, therefore, dated
the seventh day of March, in the year of Our Lord 1889, directed to you,
Venerable Brethren, We established at Washington, your capital city, esteemed
by a majority of you a very proper seat for the higher studies, a university
for the instruction of young men desirous of pursuing advanced courses.
In announcing this matter to Our Venerable Brethren, the Cardinals of
the Holy Roman Church, in Consistory, We expressed the wish
that it should be regarded as the fixed law of the university to unite
erudition and learning with soundness of faith and to imbue its students
not less with religion than with scientific culture. To the Bishops of
the United States We entrusted the task of establishing a suitable course
of studies and of supervising the discipline of the students; and We conferred
the office and authority of Chancellor, as it is called, upon the Archbishop
of Baltimore. And, by divine favor, a quite happy beginning was made.
For, without any delay, whilst you were celebrating the hundredth anniversary
of the establishment of your ecclesiastical hierarchy, under the brightest
auspices, in the presence of Our delegate, the divinity classes were opened.
From that time onward We know that theological science has been imparted
by the diligence of eminent men the renown of whose talents and learning
receives a fitting crown in their recognized loyalty and devotion to the
Apostolic See. Nor is it long since We were apprised that, thanks to the
liberality of a pious priest, a new building had been constructed, in
which young men, as well cleric as lay, are to receive instruction in
the natural sciences and in literature. From Our knowledge of the American
character, We are fully confident that the example set by this noble man
will incite others of your citizens to imitate him; they will not fail
to realize that liberality exercised towards such an object will be repaid
by the very greatest advantages to the public.
8. No
one can be ignorant how powerfully similar institutions of learning, whether
originally founded by the Roman Church herself from time to time or approved
and promoted by her legislation, have contributed to the spread of knowledge
and civilization in every part of Europe. Even in Our own day, though
other instances might be given, it is enough to mention the University
of Louvain, to which the entire Belgian nation ascribes its almost daily
increase in prosperity and glory. Equally abundant will be the benefits
proceeding from the Washington University, if the professors and students
(as We doubt not they will) be mindful of Our injunctions, and, shunning
party spirit and strife, conciliate the good opinion of the people and
the clergy.
9. We
wish now, Venerable Brethren, to commend to your affection and to the
generosity of your people the college which Our predecessor, Pius IX,
founded in this city for the ecclesiastical training
of young men from North America, and which We took care to place upon
a firm basis by a letter dated the twenty-fifth day of October, in the
year of Our Lord 1884. We can make this appeal the more confidently, because
the results obtained from this institution have by no means belied the
expectations commonly entertained regarding it. You yourselves can testify
that during its brief existence it has sent forth a very large number
of exemplary priests, some of whom have been promoted for their virtue
and learning to the highest degrees of ecclesiastical dignity. We are,
therefore, thoroughly persuaded that you will continue to be solicitous
to send hither select young men who are in training to become the hope
of the Church. For they will carry back to their homes and utilize for
the general good the wealth of intellectual attainments and moral excellence
which they shall have acquired in the city of Rome.
10. The
love which We cherish towards the Catholics of your nation moved Us, likewise,
to turn Our attention at the very beginning of Our Pontificate to the
convocation of a third Plenary Council of Baltimore. Subsequently, when
the archbishops, at Our invitation, had come to Rome, We diligently inquired
from them what they deemed most conducive to the common good. We finally,
and after mature deliberation, ratified by apostolic authority the decrees
of the prelates assembled at Baltimore. In truth the event has proven,
and still proves, that the decrees of Baltimore were salutary and timely
in the extreme. Experience has demonstrated their power for the maintenance
of discipline; for stimulating the intelligence and zeal of the clergy;
for defending and developing the Catholic education of youth. Wherefore,
Venerable Brethren, if We make acknowledgement of your activity in these
matters, if We laud your firmness tempered with prudence, We but pay tribute
due to your merit; for We are fully sensible that so great a harvest of
blessings could by no means have so swiftly ripened to maturity, had you
not exerted yourselves, each to the utmost of his ability, sedulously
and faithfully to carry into effect the statutes you had wisely framed
at Baltimore.
11. But
when the Council of Baltimore had concluded its labors, the duty still
remained of putting, so to speak, a proper and becoming crown upon the
work. This, We perceived, could scarcely be done in a more fitting manner
than through
the due establishment by the Apostolic See of an American Legation. Accordingly,
as you are well aware, We have done this. By this action, as We have elsewhere
intimated, We have wished, first of all, to certify that, in Our judgment
and affection, America occupies the same place and rights as other States,
be they ever so mighty and imperial. In addition to this We had in mind
to draw more closely the bonds of duty and friendship which connect you
and so many thousands of Catholics with the Apostolic See. In fact, the
mass of the Catholics understood how salutary Our action was destined
to be; they saw, moreover, that it accorded with the usage and policy
of the Apostolic See. For it has been, from earliest antiquity, the custom
of the Roman Pontiffs in the exercise of the divinely bestowed gift of
the primacy in the administration of the Church of Christ to send forth
legates to Christian nations and peoples. And they did this, not by an
adventitious but an inherent right. For "the Roman Pontiff, upon
whom Christ has conferred ordinary and immediate jurisdiction, as well
over all and singular churches, as over all and singular pastors and faithful,(1)
since he cannot personally visit the different regions and thus exercise
the pastoral office over the flock entrusted to him, finds it necessary
from time to time, in the discharge of the ministry imposed on him, to
despatch legates into different parts of the world, according as the need
arises; who, supplying his place, may correct errors, make the rough ways
plain, and administer to the people confided to their care increased means
of salvation."(2)
12. But
how unjust and baseless would be the suspicion, should it anywhere exist,
that the powers conferred on the legate are an obstacle to the authority
of the bishops! Sacred to Us (more than to any other) are the rights of
those "whom the Holy Ghost has placed as bishops to rule the Church
of God." That these rights should remain intact in every nation in
every part of the globe, We both desire and ought to desire, the more
so since the dignity of the individual bishop is by nature so interwoven
with the dignity of the Roman Pontiff that any measure which benefits
the one necessarily protects the other. "My honor is the honor of
the Universal Church. My honor is the unimpaired vigor of My brethren.
Then am I truly honored when to each one due honor is not denied."(3)
Therefore, since it is the office and function of an apostolic legate,
with whatsoever powers
he may be vested, to execute the mandates and interpret the will of the
Pontiff who sends him, thus, so far from his being of any detriment to
the ordinary power of the bishops, he will rather bring an accession of
stability and strength. His authority will possess no slight weight for
preserving in the multitude a submissive spirit; in the clergy discipline
and due reverence for the bishops, and in the bishops mutual charity and
an intimate union of souls. And since this union, so salutary and desirable,
consists mainly in harmony of thought and action, he will, no doubt, bring
it to pass that each one of you shall persevere in the diligent administration
of his diocesan affairs; that one shall not impede another in matters
of government; that one shall not pry into the counsels and conduct of
another; finally, that with disagreements eradicated and mutual esteem
maintained, you may all work together with combined energies to promote
the glory of the American Church and the general welfare. It is difficult
to estimate the good results which will flow from this concord of the
bishops. Our own people will receive edification; and the force of example
will have its effect on those without who will be persuaded by this argument
alone that the divine apostolate has passed by inheritance to the ranks
of the Catholic episcopate.
13. Another
consideration claims our earnest attention. All intelligent men are agreed,
and We Ourselves have with pleasure intimated it above, that America seems
destined for greater things. Now, it is Our wish that the Catholic Church
should not only share in, but help to bring about, this prospective greatness.
We deem it right and proper that she should, by availing herself of the
opportunities daily presented to her, keep equal step with the Republic
in the march of improvement, at the same time striving to the utmost,
by her virtue and her institutions, to aid in the rapid growth of the
States. Now, she will attain both these objects the more easily and abundantly,
in proportion to the degree in which the future shall find her constitution
perfected. But what is the meaning of the legation of which we are speaking,
or what is its ultimate aim except to bring it about that the constitution
of the Church shall be strengthened, her discipline better fortified?
Wherefore, We ardently desire that this truth should sink day by day more
deeply into the minds of Catholics-namely, that they can in no
better way safeguard
their own individual interests and the common good than by yielding a
hearty submission and obedience to the Church. Your faithful people, however,
are scarcely in need of exhortation on this point; for they are accustomed
to adhere to the institutions of Catholicity with willing souls and a
constancy worthy of all praise.
14. To
one matter of the first importance and fraught with the greatest blessings
it is a pleasure at this place to refer, on account of the holy firmness
in principle and practice respecting it which, as a rule, rightly prevails
amongst you; We mean the Christian dogma of the unity and indissolubility
of marriage; which supplies the firmest bond of safety not merely to the
family but to society at large. Not a few of your citizens, even of those
who dissent from us in other doctrines, terrified by the licentiousness
of divorce, admire and approve in this regard the Catholic teaching and
the Catholic customs. They are led to this judgment not less by love of
country than by the wisdom of the doctrine. For difficult it is to imagine
a more deadly pest to the community than the wish to declare dissoluble
a bond which the law of God has made perpetual and inseverable. Divorce
"is the fruitful cause of mutable marriage contracts; it diminishes
mutual affection; it supplies a pernicious stimulus to unfaithfulness;
it is injurious to the care and education of children; it gives occasion
to the breaking up of domestic society; it scatters the seeds of discord
among families; it lessens and degrades the dignity of women, who incur
the danger of being abandoned when they shall have subserved the lust
of their husbands. And since nothing tends so effectually as the corruption
of morals to ruin families and undermine the strength of kingdoms, it
may easily be perceived that divorce is especially hostile to the prosperity
of families and States."(4)
15. As
regards civil affairs, experience has shown how important it is that the
citizens should be upright and virtuous. In a free State, unless justice
be generally cultivated, unless the people be repeatedly and diligently
urged to observe the precepts and laws of the Gospel, liberty itself may
be pernicious. Let those of the clergy, therefore, who are occupied with
the instruction of the multitude, treat plainly this topic of the duties
of citizens, so that all may understand and feel the necessity, in political
life, of conscientiousness, self restraint, and integrity; for
that cannot be lawful in public which is unlawful in private affairs.
On this whole subject there are to be found, as you know, in the encyclical
letters written by Us from time to time in the course of Our pontificate,
many things which Catholics should attend to and observe. In these writings
and expositions We have treated of human liberty, of the chief Christian
duties, of civil government, and of the Christian constitution of States,
drawing Our principles as well from the teaching of the Gospels as from
reason. They, then, who wish to be good citizens and discharge their duties
faithfully may readily learn from Our Letters the ideal of an upright
life. In like manner, let the priests be persistent in keeping before
the minds of the people the enactments of the Third Council of Baltimore,
particularly those which inculcate the virtue of temperance, the frequent
use of the sacraments and the observance of the just laws and institutions
of the Republic.
16. Now,
with regard to entering societies, extreme care should be taken not to
be ensnared by error. And We wish to be understood as referring in a special
manner to the working classes, who assuredly have the right to unite in
associations for the promotion of their interests; a right acknowledged
by the Church and unopposed by nature. But it is very important to take
heed with whom they are to associate, lest whilst seeking aid for the
improvement of their condition they may be imperilling far weightier interests.
The most effectual precaution against this peril is to determine with
themselves at no time or in any matter to be parties to the violation
of justice. Any society, therefore, which is ruled by and servilely obeys
persons who are not steadfast for the right and friendly to religion is
capable of being extremely prejudicial to the interests as well of individuals
as of the community; beneficial it cannot be. Let this conclusion, therefore,
remain firm-to shun not only those associations which have been openly
condemned by the judgment of the Church, but those also which, in the
opinion of intelligent men, and especially of the bishops, are regarded
as suspicious and dangerous.
17. Nay,
rather, unless forced by necessity to do otherwise, Catholics ought to
prefer to associate with Catholics, a course which will be very conducive
to the safeguarding of their faith. As presidents of societies thus formed
among themselves, it will be well to appoint either priests
or upright laymen of weight and character, guided by whose counsels they
should endeavor peacefully to adopt and carry into effect such measures
as may seem most advantageous to their interests, keeping in view the
rules laid down by Us in Our Encyclical, Rerum Novarum. Let them,
however, never allow this to escape their memory: that whilst it is proper
and desirable to assert and secure the rights of the many, yet this is
not to be done by a violation of duty; and that these are very important
duties; not to touch what belongs to another; to allow every one to be
free in the management of his own affairs; not to hinder any one to dispose
of his services when he please and where he please. The scenes of violence
and riot which you witnessed last year in your own country sufficiently
admonish you that America too is threatened with the audacity and ferocity
of the enemies of public order. The state of the times, therefore, bids
Catholics to labor for the tranquillity of the commonwealth, and for this
purpose to obey the laws, abhor violence, and seek no more than equity
or justice permits.
18. Towards
these objects much may be contributed by those who have devoted themselves
to writing, and in particular by those who are engaged on the daily press.
We are aware that already there labor in this field many men of skill
and experience, whose diligence demands words of praise rather than of
encouragement. Nevertheless, since the thirst for reading and knowledge
is so vehement and widespread amongst you, and since, according to circumstances,
it can be productive either of good or evil, every effort should be made
to increase the number of intelligent and well-disposed writers who take
religion for their guide and virtue for their constant companion. And
this seems all the more necessary in America, on account of the familiar
intercourse and intimacy between Catholics and those who are estranged
from the Catholic name, a condition of things which certainly exacts from
our people great circumspection and more than ordinary firmness. It is
necessary to instruct, admonish, strengthen and urge them on to the pursuit
of virtue and to the faithful observance, amid so many occasions of stumbling,
of their duties towards the Church. It is, of course, the proper function
of the clergy to devote their care and energies to this great work; but
the age and the country require that journalists should be equally zealous
in this same cause and labor in it to
the full extent of their powers. Let them, however, seriously reflect
that their writings, if not positively prejudicial to religion, will surely
be of slight service to it unless in concord of minds they all seek the
same end. They who desire to be of real service to the Church, and with
their pens heartily to defend the Catholic cause, should carry on the
conflict with perfect unanimity, and, as it were, with serried ranks,
for they rather inflict than repel war if they waste their strength by
discord. In like manner their work, instead of being profitable and fruitful,
becomes injurious and disastrous whenever they presume to call before
their tribunal the decisions and acts of bishops, and, casting off due
reverence, cavil and find fault; not perceiving how great a disturbance
of order, how many evils are thereby produced. Let them, then, be mindful
of their duty, and not overstep the proper limits of moderation. The bishops,
placed in the lofty position of authority, are to be obeyed, and suitable
honor befitting the magnitude and sanctity of their office should be paid
them. Now, this reverence, "which it is lawful to no one to neglect,"
should of necessity be eminently conspicuous and exemplary in Catholic
journalists. For journals, naturally circulating far and wide, come daily
into the hands of everybody, and exert no small influence upon the opinions
and morals of the multitude.(5)
19. We
have Ourselves, on frequent occasions, laid down many rules respecting
the duties of a good writer; many of which were unanimously inculcated
as well by the Third Council of Baltimore as by the archbishops in their
meeting at Chicago in the year 1893. Let Catholic writers, therefore,
bear impressed on their minds Our teachings on this point as well as yours;
and let them resolve that their entire method of writing shall be thereby
guided, if they indeed desire, as they ought to desire, to discharge their
duty well.
20. Our
thoughts now turn to those who dissent from us in matters of Christian
faith; and who shall deny that, with not a few of them, dissent is a matter
rather of inheritance than of will? How solicitous We are of their salvation,
with what ardor of soul We wish that they should be at length restored
to the embrace of the Church, the common mother of all, Our Apostolic
Epistle, "Praeclara," has in very recent times declared. Nor
are we destitute of all hope; for He is present and bath a care whom all
things obey and who laid down His life that He might "gather in one
the children
of God who were dispersed." (John xi. 52).
21. Surely
we ought not to desert them nor leave them to their fancies; but with
mildness and charity draw them to us, using every means of persuasion
to induce them to examine closely every part of the Catholic doctrine,
and to free themselves from preconceived notions. In this matter, if the
first place belongs to the bishops and clergy, the second belongs to the
laity, who have it in their power to aid the apostolic efforts of the
clergy by the probity of their morals and the integrity of their lives.
Great is the force of example; particularly with those who are earnestly
seeking the truth, and who, from a certain inborn virtuous disposition,
are striving to live an honorable and upright life, to which class very
many of your fellow-citizens belong. If the spectacle of Christian virtues
exerted the powerful influence over the heathens blinded, as they were,
by inveterate superstition, which the records of history attest, shall
we think it powerless to eradicate error in the case of those who have
been initiated into the Christian religion?
22. Finally,
We cannot pass over in silence those whose long-continued unhappy lot
implores and demands succor from men of apostolic zeal; We refer to the
Indians and the negroes who are to be found within the confines of America,
the greatest portion of whom have not yet dispelled the darkness of superstition.
How wide a field for cultivation! How great a multitude of human beings
to be made partakers of the blessing derived through Jesus Christ!
23. Meanwhile,
as a presage of heavenly graces and a testimony of Our benevolence, We
most lovingly in the Lord impart to you, Venerable Brethren, and to your
clergy and people, Our Apostolic Benediction.
Given
at Rome, at St. Peter's, on the feast of the Epiphany, the sixth day of
January, 1895, in the seventeenth year of Our Pontificate.
REFERENCES:
1. Con.
Vat. Sess., iv. c. 3.
2. Cap. Un.
Extrav. Comm. De Consuet, 1. 1.
3. S. Gregorius
Epis. ad Eulog. Alex. lib. viii. ep. 30.
4. Encyc. Arcanum.
5. Ep. Cognita
Nobis ad Archiepp, et Epp. Provinciarum, Taurinen. Mediolanen. et Vercellen,
xxv., Jan. an, MDCCCLXXXII
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